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Details for anatomical structure: chondrocyte

EndoNet ID: ENC00250

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Synonyms

chondrocyte, cartilage cell, cartilage corpuscle,

Links to other resources

Cytomer cy0044720

Larger structures

    Substructures

      Secreted hormones

      • Hormone: osteopontin

      • Hormone: osteonectin

      • Hormone: eotaxin

        • Human eotaxin is an 8,3-kDa, 74-amino-acid residue, nonglycosylated polypeptide secreted by endothelial cells, fibroblasts, macrophages, ciliated and nonciliated bronchial epithelial cells, smooth muscle cells, chondrocytes, and eosinophils. [1]

      • Hormone: chondromodulin 1

      • Hormone: fibromodulin

      • Hormone: thrombospondin 1

      • Hormone: bone sialoprotein 2

      • Hormone: gremlin-1

      • Hormone: gremlin-2

      • Hormone: FST

      • Hormone: crossveinless-2

      • Hormone: GDF-6

      • Hormone: WISP3

      • Hormone: CTGF

      • Hormone: stem cell growth factor

      • Hormone: chordin-like protein 2

      • Hormone: crossveinless-2

      • Hormone: interleukin 6

        • Chondrocytes are able to produce IL-6 and the IL-6 proteins secreted by chondrocytes were similar to those from fibroblasts. [2]

        Influenced by:

        • CMKLR1
          in chondrocyte
          • The results show an increased concentration of IL-6 as a result of chemerin stimulation in comparison to unstimulated control cells [3]

      • Hormone: IL-8

        • Articular chondrocytes are readily inducible to express the IL-8 gene and secrete biologically active IL-8 [4]

        Influenced by:

        • CMKLR1
          in chondrocyte
          • The results show an increased concentration of IL-8 as a result of chemerin stimulation in comparison to unstimulated control cells [5]

      • Hormone: C-type natriuretic peptide

      Receptors

      • Receptor: H1

      • Receptor: H2

      • Receptor: growth hormone receptor

      • Receptor: PTHR1

      • Receptor: IGF-1R

      • Receptor: RAR

        Induced phenotype:

        • skeletal system development
          • The results of our study demonstrate for the first time that chondrocyte maturation in the cartilaginous skeletal elements of chick embryo limbs involves marked changes in RAR gene expression [6]

      • Receptor: FGFR-3

        Induced phenotype:

        • endochondral ossification
          • Fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) 3 palys an essential role in the development and maintenance of bones. [7]

      • Receptor: FGFR-1

      • Receptor: THRB1

      • Receptor: THRA1

      • Receptor: thyroid hormone receptor beta 2

      • Receptor: thyroid hormone receptor

        Induced phenotype:

        • chondrocyte hypertrophy
          • Thyroid hormones are important systemic regulators of chondrocyte hypertrophy. [8]

      • Receptor: thyroid hormone receptor alpha2

      • Receptor: PRLR

      • Receptor: activin receptor type I

        Induced phenotype:

        • fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP)
          • Constitutive activation of ACVR1 induces alkaline phosphatase activity in C2C12 cells, upregulates BMP4, downregulates BMP antagonists, expands cartilage elements, induces ectopic chondrogenesis and stimulates joint fusions and is the underlying cause of the ectopic chondrogenesis, osteogenesis and joint fusions seen in FOP. [9]

      • Receptor: BMP receptor type IB

        Induced phenotype:

        • brachydactyly type A2
          • BDA2 is caused by heterozygous missense mutations in BMPR1B. These mutations affect cartilage differentiation and bone formation in a dominant-negative way. [10]
        • acromesomelic chondrodysplasia with genital anomalies
          • Acromesomelic chondrodysplasias are a rare subgroup of hereditary skeletal disorders characterised by short stature, very short limbs, and hand/foot malformations due to a homozygous mutation in BMPR1B. This mutation is expected to result in a loss of function and is thus different from the heterozygous missense mutations in BMPR1B recently shown to cause brachydactyly type A2 through a dominant negative effect. [11]

      • Receptor: CMKLR1

        • Chondrocytes in both native cartilage and cell culture express the chemokine receptor ChemR23 [5]

        Influences:

        • interleukin 6
          • The results show an increased concentration of IL-6 as a result of chemerin stimulation in comparison to unstimulated control cells [3]
        • IL-8
          • The results show an increased concentration of IL-8 as a result of chemerin stimulation in comparison to unstimulated control cells [5]

      • Receptor: NPR2

        • NPR-B is expressed in proliferative and prehypertrophic chondrocytes. [12]

        Induced phenotype:

        • long bone growth
          • CNP-dependent long bone growth requires CNP binding and activation of NPR-2, cGMP binding, and activation of PKGII and PKGII-dependent increases in the proliferation of hypertrophic chondrocytes. [12]
      Reference