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Details for messenger / hormone: dopamine

EndoNet ID: ENH00021

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Synonyms

  • dopamine

General information

  • Dopamine is synthesized primarily in the central nervous system (CNS), but limited production also occurs in the adrenal medulla. [1]
  • Dopamine is also detectable in a few non-neuronal tissues, e.g., the pancreas and the anterior pituitary. [1]
  • The main catecholamine neurotransmitter inervating the basal ganglia and some parts of the hypothalamus nuclei controling pituitary secretion. [2]
  • Dopamine is stored in secretory vesicles at a 100- to 1000-fold higher concentration than neuropeptides. [1]
  • Dopamine activates several interacting intracellular signaling pathways and suppresses PRL gene expression and lactotroph proliferation. [1]
  • The two transporters differ in structure, cellular localization, substrate specificity, antagonist selectivity, and energy requirements. [1]
  • Dopamine reaches the pituitary via hypophysial portal blood from several hypothalamic nerve tracts that are regulated by PRL itself, estrogens, and several neuropeptides and neurotransmitters. [1]
  • Dopamine binds to type-2 dopamine receptors that are functionally linked to membrane channels and G proteins and suppresses the high intrinsic secretory activity of the pituitary lactotrophs. [1]
  • Reuptake of dopamine is mediated by two classes of transporters: dopamine transporter (DAT), which transports dopamine from the extracellular to the intracellular space, and VMAT, which reloads dopamine into the vesicles. [1]
  • An important neurotransmitter in both the central and peripheral nervous systems; occurs as an intermediate in epinephrine and norepinephrine biosynthesis. [3]

Classification

Hormone function

  • CNS function
    • neurotransmitter
    • homeostasis
      • hormone precursor

      Chemical classification

      • hormone
        • not genome-encoded
          • amino acids
            • tyrosine-derived
              • catecholamines

        Composition

        Links to other resources

        • Anatomical structure: arcuate_nucleus_of_hypothalamus

          Influenced by:

          • PRLR
            in arcuate_nucleus_of_hypothalamus

        • Anatomical structure: compact_part_of_substantia_nigra

          Influenced by:

          • 5-HT-2C
            in corpus_striatum
            • Stimulate 5-HT-2C receptors localized within the striatum have an inhibitory controll of the dopamine release in the nitrostriatal pathway. [4]

        • Anatomical structure: adrenal_medulla

          Influenced by:

          • PACAP-R-1
            in adrenal_medulla
            • VIP and PACAP stimulate the synthesis and release of adrenomedullary catecholamines, and all three subtypes of PACAP/VIP receptors mediate this effect, PACAP-R-1 being coupled to AC. [5]
          • VPAC1
            in adrenal_medulla
            • VIP and PACAP stimulate the synthesis and release of adrenomedullary catecholamines, and all three subtypes of PACAP/VIP receptors mediate this effect, VPAC1 being coupled to both AC and PLC. [5]
          • VPAC2
            in adrenal_medulla
            • VIP and PACAP stimulate the synthesis and release of adrenomedullary catecholamines, and all three subtypes of PACAP/VIP receptors mediate this effect, VPAC2 being coupled to PLC. [5]

        • Anatomical structure: corpus_striatum

          Influenced by:

          • 5-HT3 receptor
            in nucleus_accumbens
            • Stimulation of 5-HT-3 receptors mediate a dose-dopendent increase of DA release. [6]

        Targets

        Cellalpha-2A adrenoreceptoralpha-2B adrenoreceptordopamine receptor D1dopamine receptor D2dopamine receptor D3dopamine receptor D4dopamine receptor D5
        acidophil mammotroph cell of anterior pituitary Present
        Phenotypes
        • Hyperprolactinemia
        Influences
        • ↓ PRL
        adrenal gland Present
        adrenal medulla Present
        		Present
        		Present
        		Present
        amygdaloid body Present
        basket cell Present
        		Present
        cell of adrenal gland zona fasciculata Present
        		Present
        cell of adrenal gland zona glomerulosa Present
        Influences
        • ↓ aldosterone
        		Present
        Influences
        • ↓ aldosterone
        		Present
        cell of adrenal gland zona reticularis Present
        		Present
        cell of intermediate pituitary Present
        Influences
        • ↓ MSH
        cerebellar cortex Present
        Influences
        • ↓ norepinephrine
        • ↓ acetylcholine
        		Present
        Influences
        • ↓ norepinephrine
        • ↓ acetylcholine
        cerebellar cortex Present
        		Present
        corpus striatum Present
        Influences
        • ↓ acetylcholine
        		Present
        dentate gyrus of hippocampus Present
        		Present
        		Present
        		Present
        dentate nucleus Present
        frontal lobe Present
        Golgi cell Present
        Phenotypes
        • regulation of inhibitory postsynaptic membrane potential
        		Present
        Phenotypes
        • regulation of inhibitory postsynaptic membrane potential
        granular layer of cerebellar cortex Present
        Phenotypes
        • regulation of excitatory postsynaptic membrane potential
        		Present
        Phenotypes
        • regulation of excitatory postsynaptic membrane potential
        heart Present
        hippocampus Present
        Influences
        • ↑ acetylcholine
        		Present
        hypothalamus Present
        kidney Present
        		Present
        lung Present
        nucleus accumbens Present
        Purkinje cell Present
        Phenotypes
        • regulation of inhibitory postsynaptic membrane potential
        		Present
        Phenotypes
        • regulation of inhibitory postsynaptic membrane potential
        retina Present
        spleen Present
        substantia nigra Present
        tegmentum of mesencephalon Present
        thalamus Present
        		Present
        Reference