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Details for messenger / hormone: lipocalin 2

EndoNet ID: ENH00208

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Synonyms

  • 25 kDa alpha-2-microglobulin-related subunit of MMP-9
  • NGAL
  • lipocalin 2
  • LCN 2
  • 24p3
  • oncogenic lipocalin 24p3
  • LCN2
  • uterocalin
  • neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin
  • p25
  • alpha-2-microglobulin-related subunit of MMP-9
  • oncogene 24p3
  • lipocalin-2

General information

  • NGAL was expressed in bone marrow and in tissues that are prone to exposure to microorganisms. [1]
  • The gene that showed the largest increase in expression in IL-3-deprived cells was 24p3, which encodes a lipocalin. [2]
  • Induction of NGAL synthesis in epithelial cells of human colorectal neoplasia and inflammatory bowel diseases. [3]
  • NGAL is a secreted protein, it may play an extracellular role in cell defense against toxicants and/or facilitate the survival of the remaining cells. [4]
  • Megalin, a member of the low-density lipoprotein receptor family expressed in polarized epithelia, binds NGAL with high affinity. [5]
  • Besides neutrophils, NGAL is expressed in most tissues normally exposed to microorganisms, and its synthesis is induced in epithelial cells during inflammation. [6]
  • NGAL is a marker for dysregulated keratinocyte differentiation in human skin. [7]
  • NGAL is a 25-kDa lipocalin first identified as a protein stored in specific granules of the human neutrophil. [1]
  • Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin is up-regulated in human epithelial cells by IL-1 beta, but not by TNF-alpha. [8]
  • IL-3 deprivation activates 24p3 transcription, leading to synthesis and secretion of 24p3, which induces apoptosis through an autocrine pathway. [2]
  • Lipocalin 2 mediates an innate immune response to bacterial infection by sequestrating iron. [9]
  • NGAL was found in a variety of normal and pathological human tissues (cell type-specific pattern of expression in bronchus, stomach, small intestine, pancreas, kidney, prostate gland, and thymus). [10]

Classification

Hormone function

  • immune response
    • activation

    Chemical classification

    • hormone
      • genome-encoded
        • lipocalins/fatty acid-binding proteins

      Composition

      unprocessed

      Sequence 
      MPLGLLWLG LALLGALHA QAQDSTSDL 
IPAPPLSKV PLQQNFQDN QFQGKWYVV 
GLAGNAILR EDKDPQKMY ATIYELKED 
KSYNVTSVL FRKKKCDYW IRTFVPGCQ 
PGEFTLGNI KSYPGLTSY LVRVVSTNY 
NQHAMVFFK KVSQNREYF KITLYGRTK 
ELTSELKEN FIRFSKSLG LPENHIVFP 
VPIDQCIDG

      Links to other resources

      UniProt P80188
      Ensembl ENST00000373017
      KEGG hsa:3934

      • Anatomical structure: bone_marrow

        • NGAL was expressed in bone marrow and in tissues that are prone to exposure to microorganisms. [1]

      • Anatomical structure: bronchi

        • NGAL was found in a variety of normal and pathological human tissues (cell type-specific pattern of expression in bronchus, stomach, small intestine, pancreas, kidney, prostate gland, and thymus). [10]

      • Anatomical structure: stomach

        • NGAL was found in a variety of normal and pathological human tissues (cell type-specific pattern of expression in bronchus, stomach, small intestine, pancreas, kidney, prostate gland, and thymus). [10]

      • Anatomical structure: small_intestine

        • NGAL was found in a variety of normal and pathological human tissues (cell type-specific pattern of expression in bronchus, stomach, small intestine, pancreas, kidney, prostate gland, and thymus). [10]

      • Anatomical structure: pancreas

        • NGAL was found in a variety of normal and pathological human tissues (cell type-specific pattern of expression in bronchus, stomach, small intestine, pancreas, kidney, prostate gland, and thymus). [10]

      • Anatomical structure: kidney

        • NGAL was found in a variety of normal and pathological human tissues (cell type-specific pattern of expression in bronchus, stomach, small intestine, pancreas, kidney, prostate gland, and thymus). [10]

      • Anatomical structure: prostate

        • NGAL was found in a variety of normal and pathological human tissues (cell type-specific pattern of expression in bronchus, stomach, small intestine, pancreas, kidney, prostate gland, and thymus). [10]

      • Anatomical structure: thymus

        • NGAL was found in a variety of normal and pathological human tissues (cell type-specific pattern of expression in bronchus, stomach, small intestine, pancreas, kidney, prostate gland, and thymus). [10]

      • Anatomical structure: colon

        • Induction of NGAL synthesis in epithelial cells of human colorectal neoplasia and inflammatory bowel diseases. [3]

      • Anatomical structure: neutrophil_granulocyte

        • NGAL expressed in granulocytes and epithelial cells in pathological conditions, such as inflammation and malignancy. [11]

      • Anatomical structure: epithelial_cell

        • NGAL expressed in granulocytes and epithelial cells in pathological conditions, such as inflammation and malignancy. [11]

      • Anatomical structure: neutrophil_granulocyte

        • Besides neutrophils, NGAL is expressed in most tissues normally exposed to microorganisms, and its synthesis is induced in epithelial cells during inflammation. [6]

      • Anatomical structure: pneumocyte_type_II

        • Synthesis of NGAL increases dramatically in bronchial epithelial cells and alveolear type II pneumocytes during lung inflammation. [8]

        Influenced by:

        • IL-1RI
          in pneumocyte_type_II
          • IL-1beta induces a >10-fold up-regulation of NGAL expression in the type II pneumocyte-derived cell line A549 cells, whereas TNF-alpha, IL-6, and LPS had no effect. [8]

      • Anatomical structure: isolated_goblet_cell_of_respiratory_and_digestive_tracts

      • Anatomical structure: bronchial_epithelial_cell

        Influenced by:

        • IL-1RI
          in bronchial_epithelial_cell

      Targets

      Cell
      No records found.
      Reference