Status
Please wait ...

Details for receptor: ER-beta

  • Top
  • General information
  • Subunits
    •
  • External resources
  • General information
  • Hormones
  • Anatomical structures
  • Click to access the toolbox
EndoNet ID: ENR00905

To link to the content of EndoNet use the EndoNet ID that is given on the detail pages in the format ENX0000, where X is a place holder for the type of the component (e. g. R for receptor or C for anatomical structure).
As URL for the linking append this ID to the detail page for this type of component.
For an hormone that would be: 

http://endonet.bioinf.med.uni-goettingen.de/hormone/ENH00000

It is also possible to use the search of EndoNet to link to the right detail page. The URL should look like 

http://endonet.bioinf.med.uni-goettingen.de/search/ENC00000
If the search pattern is unambigious the user is directed to the corresponding detail page.

Synonyms

  • estrogen receptor beta
  • ER-beta
  • estrogen receptor 2
  • ERbeta
  • ESR2

General information

  • GT1-7 cells express both estrogen receptor-alpha (ERalpha) and the recently described ERbeta mRNAs. [1]
  • ER-beta is expressed in the uterus and pituitary gland during development. [2]
  • ER-beta is strongly expressed in the nuclei of myoepithelial cells (mammary gland). [3]
  • Estrogen treatment increased the expression of ER-beta and enhances uptake of amyloid beta-protein in microglial cultures. [4]
  • In the ovary, ERbeta was present in multiple cell types including granulosa cells in small, medium and large follicles, theca and corpora lutea. [5]
  • Epithelial cells in most male tissues including the prostate, the urothelium and muscle layers of the bladder, and Sertoli cells in the testis, were also immunopositive for ERbeta. [5]
  • ER-beta expression is relatively high in the normal breast, with 80–85% of the cells expressing ER-beta. [6]
  • ER-alpha and ER-beta are functionally expressed in the prostate gland. [7]
  • Murine and human osteoblast and osteocyte nuclei are immunoreactive for ERbeta. [8]
  • ER-alpha was detected in eccrine sweat glands, sebaceous glands and epidermis but not in outer root sheath of hair follicles. [9]
  • The apocrine secretory epithelium exhibited strong positive ER-beta immunostaining in nuclei and in the cytoplasm. [10]
  • ERbeta mRNA expression increased gradually during osteoblast culture, resulting in an average increase of 9.9+/-5.3 fold (mean+/-S.D., n=3) at day 21 (mineralization phase) as compared to day 6 (proliferation phase). [11]
  • Osteoclasts are also ERbeta immunoreactive but the staining is mainly cytoplasmic. [8]
  • Normal and malignant human endometrium express immunohistochemically estrogen receptor beta. [12]
  • The AR, ER-alpha and ER-beta are expressed in the growth plate and the osteoblasts. [13]
  • ER-beta is highly expressed in non-classical E2 target tissues like the prostate epithelium, urogenital tract, ovarian follicles, lung, intestinal epithelium, certain ER-beta-deficient brain regions and muscle. [14]

Links to other resources

UniProt Q92731
Ensembl ENST00000358599

Subunit information

beta-1 (1 times)

Sequence 
MDIKNSPSS LNSPSSYNC SQSILPLEH 
GSIYIPSSY VDSHHEYPA MTFYSPAVM 
NYSIPSNVT NLEGGPGRQ TTSPNVLWP 
TPGHLSPLV VHRQLSHLY AEPQKSPWC 
EARSLEHTL PVNRETLKR KVSGNRCAS 
PVTGPGSKR DAHFCAVCS DYASGYHYG 
VWSCEGCKA FFKRSIQGH NDYICPATN 
QCTIDKNRR KSCQACRLR KCYEVGMVK 
CGSRRERCG YRLVRRQRS ADEQLHCAG 
KAKRSGGHA PRVRELLLD ALSPEQLVL 
TLLEAEPPH VLISRPSAP FTEASMMMS 
LTKLADKEL VHMISWAKK IPGFVELSL 
FDQVRLLES CWMEVLMMG LMWRSIDHP 
GKLIFAPDL VLDRDEGKC VEGILEIFD 
MLLATTSRF RELKLQHKE YLCVKAMIL 
LNSSMYPLV TATQDADSS RKLAHLLNA 
VTDALVWVI AKSGISSQQ QSMRLANLL 
MLLSHVRHA SNKGMEHLL NMKCKNVVP 
VYDLLLEML NAHVLRGCK SSITGSECS 
PAEDSKSKE GSQNPQSQ
UniProt Q92731-1

Binding hormones

  • estradiol
    • ER-beta binds 17beta-estradiol [1]

Anatomical structures with this receptor

  • arcuate_nucleus_of_hypothalamus

    Influences

    • negative GnRH-I
    • negative metastin
      • Estradiol and testosterone down-regulate Kiss1 mRNA in the Arc. [15]

    Induced phenotypes

    • regulation of synapse organization
      • Estrogen has a facilitatory effect on the formation of new spine synapses in the arcuate neurons, reflecting a circuit remodeling in the ARC after estrogen treatment. [16]
      • 17ß-estradiol administration lead to changes in the neuronal membrane ultrastructure within the ARC. [17]

  • prostate

    Induced phenotypes

    • prostate cancer
      • In a prostasphere model using normal human prostate stem/progenitor cells expressing estrogen receptors it was shown that estrogens initiate and promote prostatic carcinogenesis in an androgen-supportet environment. [18]

  • Sertoli_cell

    Induced phenotypes

    • spermatogenesis
      • Estrogen promotes gametogenesis by acting through ER beta in the Sertoli cells. [19]

  • corpus_luteum

    Induced phenotypes

    • vasculogenesis
      • The corpus luteum is associated with angiogenesis followed by vascular regression. As estradiol is produced by granulosa-lutein cells of the corpus luteum, with receptors on endothelial cells, it may have potential effects on endothelial cell function. It is not known whether estradiol has any direct effects, but it is notable that molecules based on estrogen have been shown to have anti-angiogenic properties. Therfore, estradiol may have effects on the luteal vasculature. [20]

  • granulosa_cell

    Induced phenotypes

    • reproduction
    • ovarian follicle development
      • ER beta is upregulated in patients with endometriosis. Elevated ER expression might be a leading cause of ovarian dysfunction. [21]

  • theca_lutein_cell

    Influences

    • negative testosterone
      • Estradiol treatment inhibits stimulatory effect hCG on testosterone production by theca cells. [22]
    • negative androstenedione
      • Estradiol treatment inhibits hCG stimulated production of androstenedione by theca cells. [22]

  • cell_of_endometrium_of_uterus

    Influences

    • positive VEGF-165
      • A 2-fold increase in steady-state VEGF mRNA was evident after 15 h of E2. [23]
      • 17beta-estradiol (E2) directly regulates VEGF gene transcription in endometrial cells. [23]

  • eccrine_sweat_glands

    Induced phenotypes

    • regulation of cellular calcium homeostasis
      • 17-beta-estradiol rapidly modulates intracellular calcium release from ryanodine-receptor-gated intracellular Calium stores. The signal transduction pathway involves the estrogen receptor coupled to PKC-PKA-Erk1/2 signaling pathway. [24]

  • sebaceous_glands

    Induced phenotypes

    • sebaceous gland development
      • Systematically administered estrogen elicits a reduction in the size and secretion of sebaceous glands both in men and women, but this effect is usually achieved only with doses that exceed the physiologic requirement of women and produce feminization in men. [25]

  • epidermis

    Induced phenotypes

    • regulation of water loss via skin
      • The positive effects of estrogens on the water content of the skin, that were observed in all patients, may be due to dermal and epidermal components. The estrogen-stimulated increases of acid mucopolysaccharides and of hyaluronic acid contribute to an increase water content in the dermis. The increased epidermal water content may be due to increased epidermal skin thickness with subsequently elevated amounts of a natural moisturizing factor. [26]
    • wound healing
      • ER beta is expressed in various cell-types and compartments of the penis, including the epidermis of glans penis. [27]
      • Estrogen plays a role in maintaining the glans penis integrity, in part, by facilitating penile healing, possibly via up-regulating levels of VEGF. [28]

  • growth_plate

    Induced phenotypes

    • regulation of pubertal skeletal growth
      • Estrogen is essential for normal pubertal skeletal growth and epiphyseal maturation in both males and females. [29]
    • positive regulation of bone mineralization
      • Estrogen is the major hormone responsible for the acquisition and maintenance of bone mass in male and female. [29]
    • positive regulation of ossification
      • ER beta is expressed in the growth-plate cartilage and in bone. [30]
      • In aging men, estradiol is the dominant sex steroid regulating bone resorption, whereas both estradiol and testosterone are important in maintaining bone formation. [31]

  • osteoblast

    Influences

    • positive IGF-1
      • Human fetal osteoblast cells (hFOB/ER9) with E2 increased steady state levels of IGF-I mRNA in a time- and dose- dependent fashion with a maximal increase of 319% +/- 33% (P < 0.01) of control occurring after treatment with 10(-7) M E2 for 48 hours. [32]
    • positive IGFBP-4
      • Treatment with E2 at 0.01-10 nM for 48 h increased IGFBP-4 mRNA to 346% +/- 90% (mean +/- SE) of control (p < 0.05) and IGFBP-4 protein to 278% +/- 75% of control (p < 0.01) in a dose-dependent fashion [32]

  • cell_of_apocrine_sweat_gland

  • mammary_gland

    Induced phenotypes

    • mammary gland development
      • Estrogens are key regulators in mammary development and breast cancer and their effects are mediated by estrogen receptors ER alpha and beta. [33]

  • Leydig_cell_of_testis

    Induced phenotypes

    • steroidogenesis
      • Estrogen regulates steroidogenesis by acting through ER alpha and ER beta in the Leydig cells. [19]

  • vascularendothelial_cell

    Induced phenotypes

    • positive regulation of angiogenesis
      • Estradiol is known to promote angiogenesis in several tissues. [34]
      • ER-beta-knockout mice demonstrated abnormal vascular function and hypertension, increased mortality, and aggravation of heart failure. [35]

  • smooth_muscle

    Induced phenotypes

    • vascular smooth muscle cell development
      • Estradiol is a potent inhibitor of vascular smooth muscle cell growth. [36]
      • Estradiol stimulates cAMP synthesis and cAMP-derived adenosine regulates smooth muscle cell growth via A(2) adenosine receptors. This cAMP-adenosine pathway may contribute to the antivasooclusive effects of estradiol. [36]

  • uterus

    Influences

    • negative testosterone
      • Female estrogen receptor knock out mice develop glomerulosclerosis at 9 months of age due to excessive ovarian testosterone production and secretion. [37]

  • breast

    Influences

    • negative adiponectin
      • Bisphenol A and estrogen suppress adiponectin release from human breast, subcutaneous, and visceral adipose tissue explants and mature adipocytes. [38]
      • Bisphenol A binds both estrogen receptors alpha and beta. [39]

  • hair_follicle

    Induced phenotypes

    • hair growth
      • ER beta is strongly expressed in human scalp anagen hair follicles. [40]
      • Estrogens appear to stimulate hair growth in man, via prolonging the anagen phase of scalp hair growth by increasing cell proliferation rates and postponing their transition to the telogen phase.

  • osteoclast

    Induced phenotypes

    • negative regulation of osteoclast proliferation
      • Estrogen inhibits osteoclastogenesis. [41]

  • osteocyte

    Induced phenotypes

    • detection of mechanical stimulus
      • Membrane associated estrogen receptors are essential for the transduction of mecahnical forces into intracellular survival signaling in osteocytes and osteoblast, independent of ligand binding. [42]

  • microglial_cell_in_central_nervous_system

    Induced phenotypes

    • regulation of inflammatory response
      • ER beta specific ligands potently inhibit transcriptional activation of inflammatory response genes in microglia and astrocytes. [43]

  • lung

    Induced phenotypes

    • positive regulation of angiogenesis
      • Estradiol therapy reverses the loss of vessels associated with pulmonary hypertension in the lungs in both male and female rats. Estradiol stimulates the growth of new capillaries. The estrogen-effect is likely mediated through ER-beta. [34]

  • fibroblast

    Influences

    • positive FGF-7
      • ER-beta variants, including ER-beta 1, ER-beta 2, ER-beta 5, ER-betadelta and ER-betains, but not ER-alpha, are expressed in human adult mammary fibroblasts. An ER-beta-selective ligand, BAG, but not the ER-alpha high-affinity ligand oestradiol, can induce fibroblast growth factor-7 release in adult human mammary fibroblasts. [44]

  • liver

    Induced phenotypes

    • mediation of effects from thymus on liver
      • The thymus plays an important role in maintaining the drug-metabolizing enzyme activity, anti-oxidative ability and biomembrane integrity in the liver of rats. These effects are mediated by sex hormones. Estrogen mainly mediates the effect of the thymus on liver anti-oxidative functions in female rats. [45]
Reference