Details for anatomical structure: arcuate nucleus of hypothalamus

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Hormones
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EndoNet ID: ENC00189

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Synonyms

arcuate nucleus of hypothalamus, infundibular nucleus, arcuate nucleus-2, arcuate periventricular nucleus, infundibular periventricular nucleus, Nucleus arcuatus hypothalamus

Links to other resources

Cytomer

cy0006467

Larger structures

Substructures

Secreted hormones

Hormone: GHRH
Influenced by:
- PRLR
  in arcuate_nucleus_of_hypothalamus
Hormone: GnRH-I
- Estrogen directly respresses GnRH. [1]
Influenced by:
- ER-beta
  in arcuate_nucleus_of_hypothalamus
- unspecified testosterone receptor 1
  in arcuate_nucleus_of_hypothalamus
- progesterone receptor A
  in arcuate_nucleus_of_hypothalamus
- NPY5-R
  in arcuate_nucleus_of_hypothalamus
- leptin receptor
  in arcuate_nucleus_of_hypothalamus
  Decrease in Leptin causes inhibition of GnRH/LH secretion in rats during lactation [2]
Hormone: AGRP
- Neuropeptide Y (NPY) and agouti-related protein (AgRP) are potent food-stimulating neuropeptides that are highly co-localised in arcuate nucleus neurons of the hypothalamus. [3]
- The orexigenic neuropeptides that are downregulated by leptin are NPY, MCH, orexins, and AGRP. [4]
Influenced by:
Hormone: alpha-MSH
- In the human hypothalamus, cell bodies containing alpha-MSH were exclusively located in the infundibular (arcuate) nucleus. [5]
- Alpha-MSH is upregulated by Leptin. [4]
Influenced by:
- leptin receptor
  in arcuate_nucleus_of_hypothalamus
- insulin receptor
  in arcuate_nucleus_of_hypothalamus
Hormone: galanin
Hormone: NPY
- NPY neurons coexpress ghrelin receptors and the orexigens, agouti-related peptide (AgrP) and {gamma}-aminobutyric acid (GABA). [6]
- The orexigenic neuropeptides that are downregulated by leptin are NPY (neuropeptide Y), MCH (melanin-concentrating hormone), orexins, and AGRP (agouti-related peptide). [4]
- Neuropeptide Y (NPY) and agouti-related protein (AgRP) are potent food-stimulating neuropeptides that are highly co-localised in arcuate nucleus neurons of the hypothalamus. [3]
Influenced by:
- insulin receptor
  in arcuate_nucleus_of_hypothalamus
- leptin receptor
  in arcuate_nucleus_of_hypothalamus
  Decrease in Leptin causes increase in NPY secretion in rats during lactation [2]
- GHS-R1
  in arcuate_nucleus_of_hypothalamus
- NPY2-R
  in arcuate_nucleus_of_hypothalamus
- NPY2-R
  in hypothalamus
  PYY(3-36) binding to NPY2-R inhibits orexigenic NPY in hypothalamus causing short-term inhibition of food intake [7]
Hormone: dopamine
Influenced by:
- PRLR
  in arcuate_nucleus_of_hypothalamus
Hormone: metastin
- Kisspeptin is expressed abundantly in the arcuate nucleus (Arc) and the anteroventral periventricular nucleus (AVPV) of the forebrain. [8]
Influenced by:
- ER-alpha
  in arcuate_nucleus_of_hypothalamus
  Estradiol and testosterone down-regulate Kiss1 mRNA in the Arc. [8]
- ER-beta
  in arcuate_nucleus_of_hypothalamus
  Estradiol and testosterone down-regulate Kiss1 mRNA in the Arc. [8]
- unspecified testosterone receptor 1
  in arcuate_nucleus_of_hypothalamus
  Estradiol and testosterone down-regulate Kiss1 mRNA in the Arc. [8]
Hormone: galanin-like peptide Isoform 1
- GALP expression is positively regulated by the adipose tissue hormone leptin. [9]
Hormone: insulin
Influenced by:
- insulin receptor
  in arcuate_nucleus_of_hypothalamus
  insulin stimulates phosphorylation of signalling proteins in ARC [10]
Hormone: POMC
Influenced by:
- leptin receptor
  in arcuate_nucleus_of_hypothalamus
- GHS-R1
  in arcuate_nucleus_of_hypothalamus
  Ghrelin inhibits POMC neurons of the Hypothalamus
Hormone: APOE
Hormone: dynorphin A

Receptors

Receptor: leptin receptor
Induced phenotype:
- regulation of synapse organization
  
  Leptin induces a fast rewiring of POMC and Npy/Agrp cells in the ARC - peripheral leptin treatment rapidly restored the synaptic inputs in these groups of cells. [11]
Influences:
- alpha-MSH
- AGRP
- NPY
  
  Decrease in Leptin causes increase in NPY secretion in rats during lactation [2]
- POMC
- GnRH-I
  
  Decrease in Leptin causes inhibition of GnRH/LH secretion in rats during lactation [2]
Receptor: unspecified testosterone receptor 1
Influences:
- GnRH-I
- metastin
  
  Estradiol and testosterone down-regulate Kiss1 mRNA in the Arc. [8]
Receptor: NPY5-R
Induced phenotype:
- positive regulation of appetite
  
  The injection of neuropeptide-Y into either the cerebral ventricles or directly into the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus promoted a robust increase in food intake. [12]
Influences:
- GnRH-I
Receptor: sst2
Receptor: progesterone receptor A
Influences:
- GnRH-I
Receptor: ER-beta
Induced phenotype:
- regulation of synapse organization
  
  Estrogen has a facilitatory effect on the formation of new spine synapses in the arcuate neurons, reflecting a circuit remodeling in the ARC after estrogen treatment. [13]
  17ß-estradiol administration lead to changes in the neuronal membrane ultrastructure within the ARC. [14]
Influences:
- GnRH-I
- metastin
  
  Estradiol and testosterone down-regulate Kiss1 mRNA in the Arc. [8]
Receptor: ER-alpha
Induced phenotype:
- regulation of synapse organization
  
  Estrogen has a facilitatory effect on the formation of new spine synapses in the arcuate neurons, reflecting a circuit remodeling in the ARC after estrogen treatment. [13]
  17ß-estradiol administration lead to changes in the neuronal membrane ultrastructure within the ARC. [14]
Influences:
- metastin
  
  Estradiol and testosterone down-regulate Kiss1 mRNA in the Arc. [8]
Receptor: GHS-R1
Induced phenotype:
- positive regulation of appetite
  
  Ghrelin transduces an appetite-stimulatory signal from peripheral tissues to central nervous system [15]
  Ghrelin acts in harmony with appetite-stimulating signals from peripheral organs and stimulate food intake [16]
- regulation of feeding behavior
  
  Ghrelin activates feeding through fatty acid oxidation and free radical buffering in the NPY/Agrp neurons of the ARC. Ghrelin induces feeding by the activation of its receptor, the G-protein-coupled growth hormone secretagogue receptor, in the NPY/Agrp neurons, which induces a rapid increase in the firing rate of these cells. [12]
- Short stature
Influences:
- AGRP
- NPY
- POMC
  
  Ghrelin inhibits POMC neurons of the Hypothalamus
Receptor: PRLR
Influences:
- GHRH
- dopamine
Receptor: insulin receptor
Influences:
- NPY
- AGRP
- alpha-MSH
- insulin
  
  insulin stimulates phosphorylation of signalling proteins in ARC [10]
Receptor: NPY2-R
Induced phenotype:
- negative regulation of appetite
  
  The short form of peptide YY (PYY3-36) is cleaved from the long form (PYY1-36) by the enzyme dipeptidyl peptidase IV, and decreases food intake when administered peripherally. [17]
  The anorectic effect of PYY3-36 requires Y2 receptors because it fails to inhibit food intake in Y2 receptor-knockout mice. PYY3-36 decreased NPY mRNA in the ARC and its direct delivery into the ARC was sufficient to decrease food intake, highlighting the probable importance of NPY cells in the anorectic effect of PYY3-36. [12]
  The effects of PYY3-36 in decreasing food intake are are due to a combination of various mechanisms involving different brain areas (independent of the melanocortin system. [12]
- positive regulation of appetite
  
  The injection of neuropeptide-Y into either the cerebral ventricles or directly into the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus promoted a robust increase in food intake. [12]
Influences:
- NPY
- AGRP
Receptor: melanocortin-4 receptor
Induced phenotype:
- negative regulation of appetite
  
  Both alpha-Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH) and agouti-related protein (AGRP) exert effects on energy balance by signaling through melanocortin receptor 4 and that induced an inhibitory influence on appetite and body weight. Alpha-MSH acts as an agonist to the receptor and suppresses feeding, and AGRP conversely stimulates food intake by antagonizing the alpha-MSH signaling.g. . [18]
Receptor: melanocortin receptor 3
Induced phenotype:
- negative regulation of appetite
  
  Both alpha-Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH) and agouti-related protein (AGRP) exert effects on energy balance by signaling through melanocortin receptor 3 and that induced an inhibitory influence on appetite and body weight. Alpha-MSH acts as an agonist to the receptor and suppresses feeding, and AGRP conversely stimulates food intake by antagonizing the alpha-MSH signaling. [18]
Receptor: NPY1-R
Induced phenotype:
- positive regulation of appetite
  
  The injection of neuropeptide-Y into either the cerebral ventricles or directly into the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus promoted a robust increase in food intake. [12]
Receptor: NPY6-R
Induced phenotype:
- positive regulation of appetite
  
  The injection of neuropeptide-Y into either the cerebral ventricles or directly into the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus promoted a robust increase in food intake. [12]
Receptor: GHSR
Induced phenotype:
- regulation of synapse organization
  
  The orexigenic hormone ghrelin has an inhibitory effect on the synaptic arrangement/rewiring of the POMC and Npy/Agrp cells in the ARC. [12]
- positive regulation of appetite
  
  Ghrelin has been shown to exert its orexigenic effect by activating NPY/Agrp neurons while inhibiting the anorexigenic POMC neurons.However, similar to leptin, ghrelin also acts in other brain regions to modulate food intake [19]
  Ghrelin binds to neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA), where it increases dopamine neuronal activity and dopamine turnover in the nucleus accumbens. Direct VTA administration of ghrelin was sufficient to induce food intake, while the blockage of ghrelin's action in the VTA by infusion of a ghrelin antagonist blocked the orexigenic effect of circulating ghrelin. [20]
Receptor: NPY4-R
Induced phenotype:
- positive regulation of appetite
  
  The injection of neuropeptide-Y into either the cerebral ventricles or directly into the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus promoted a robust increase in food intake. [12]

Reference

EndoNet

The information resource about the endocrine network in human.

Details for anatomical structure: arcuate nucleus of hypothalamus

Synonyms

Links to other resources

Related structures

Larger structures

Substructures

Secreted hormones

Hormone: GHRH ui-buttonPrimeFaces.cw('CommandButton','widget_j_idt91_0_toolsBtn',{id:'j_idt91:0:toolsBtn'}); $(function(){PrimeFaces.cw('OverlayPanel','widget_j_idt91_0_j_idt99',{id:'j_idt91:0:j_idt99',target:'j_idt91:0:toolsBtn',dynamic:true});});

Influenced by:

Hormone: GnRH-I ui-buttonPrimeFaces.cw('CommandButton','widget_j_idt91_1_toolsBtn',{id:'j_idt91:1:toolsBtn'}); $(function(){PrimeFaces.cw('OverlayPanel','widget_j_idt91_1_j_idt99',{id:'j_idt91:1:j_idt99',target:'j_idt91:1:toolsBtn',dynamic:true});});

Influenced by:

Hormone: AGRP ui-buttonPrimeFaces.cw('CommandButton','widget_j_idt91_2_toolsBtn',{id:'j_idt91:2:toolsBtn'}); $(function(){PrimeFaces.cw('OverlayPanel','widget_j_idt91_2_j_idt99',{id:'j_idt91:2:j_idt99',target:'j_idt91:2:toolsBtn',dynamic:true});});

Influenced by:

Hormone: alpha-MSH ui-buttonPrimeFaces.cw('CommandButton','widget_j_idt91_3_toolsBtn',{id:'j_idt91:3:toolsBtn'}); $(function(){PrimeFaces.cw('OverlayPanel','widget_j_idt91_3_j_idt99',{id:'j_idt91:3:j_idt99',target:'j_idt91:3:toolsBtn',dynamic:true});});

Influenced by:

Hormone: galanin ui-buttonPrimeFaces.cw('CommandButton','widget_j_idt91_4_toolsBtn',{id:'j_idt91:4:toolsBtn'}); $(function(){PrimeFaces.cw('OverlayPanel','widget_j_idt91_4_j_idt99',{id:'j_idt91:4:j_idt99',target:'j_idt91:4:toolsBtn',dynamic:true});});

Hormone: NPY ui-buttonPrimeFaces.cw('CommandButton','widget_j_idt91_5_toolsBtn',{id:'j_idt91:5:toolsBtn'}); $(function(){PrimeFaces.cw('OverlayPanel','widget_j_idt91_5_j_idt99',{id:'j_idt91:5:j_idt99',target:'j_idt91:5:toolsBtn',dynamic:true});});

Influenced by:

Hormone: dopamine ui-buttonPrimeFaces.cw('CommandButton','widget_j_idt91_6_toolsBtn',{id:'j_idt91:6:toolsBtn'}); $(function(){PrimeFaces.cw('OverlayPanel','widget_j_idt91_6_j_idt99',{id:'j_idt91:6:j_idt99',target:'j_idt91:6:toolsBtn',dynamic:true});});

Influenced by:

Hormone: metastin ui-buttonPrimeFaces.cw('CommandButton','widget_j_idt91_7_toolsBtn',{id:'j_idt91:7:toolsBtn'}); $(function(){PrimeFaces.cw('OverlayPanel','widget_j_idt91_7_j_idt99',{id:'j_idt91:7:j_idt99',target:'j_idt91:7:toolsBtn',dynamic:true});});

Influenced by:

Hormone: galanin-like peptide Isoform 1 ui-buttonPrimeFaces.cw('CommandButton','widget_j_idt91_8_toolsBtn',{id:'j_idt91:8:toolsBtn'}); $(function(){PrimeFaces.cw('OverlayPanel','widget_j_idt91_8_j_idt99',{id:'j_idt91:8:j_idt99',target:'j_idt91:8:toolsBtn',dynamic:true});});

Hormone: insulin ui-buttonPrimeFaces.cw('CommandButton','widget_j_idt91_9_toolsBtn',{id:'j_idt91:9:toolsBtn'}); $(function(){PrimeFaces.cw('OverlayPanel','widget_j_idt91_9_j_idt99',{id:'j_idt91:9:j_idt99',target:'j_idt91:9:toolsBtn',dynamic:true});});

Influenced by:

Hormone: POMC ui-buttonPrimeFaces.cw('CommandButton','widget_j_idt91_10_toolsBtn',{id:'j_idt91:10:toolsBtn'}); $(function(){PrimeFaces.cw('OverlayPanel','widget_j_idt91_10_j_idt99',{id:'j_idt91:10:j_idt99',target:'j_idt91:10:toolsBtn',dynamic:true});});

Influenced by:

Hormone: APOE ui-buttonPrimeFaces.cw('CommandButton','widget_j_idt91_11_toolsBtn',{id:'j_idt91:11:toolsBtn'}); $(function(){PrimeFaces.cw('OverlayPanel','widget_j_idt91_11_j_idt99',{id:'j_idt91:11:j_idt99',target:'j_idt91:11:toolsBtn',dynamic:true});});

Hormone: dynorphin A ui-buttonPrimeFaces.cw('CommandButton','widget_j_idt91_12_toolsBtn',{id:'j_idt91:12:toolsBtn'}); $(function(){PrimeFaces.cw('OverlayPanel','widget_j_idt91_12_j_idt99',{id:'j_idt91:12:j_idt99',target:'j_idt91:12:toolsBtn',dynamic:true});});

Receptors

Receptor: leptin receptor ui-buttonPrimeFaces.cw('CommandButton','widget_j_idt139_0_toolsBtn',{id:'j_idt139:0:toolsBtn'}); $(function(){PrimeFaces.cw('OverlayPanel','widget_j_idt139_0_j_idt145',{id:'j_idt139:0:j_idt145',target:'j_idt139:0:toolsBtn',dynamic:true});});

Induced phenotype:

Influences:

Receptor: unspecified testosterone receptor 1 ui-buttonPrimeFaces.cw('CommandButton','widget_j_idt139_1_toolsBtn',{id:'j_idt139:1:toolsBtn'}); $(function(){PrimeFaces.cw('OverlayPanel','widget_j_idt139_1_j_idt145',{id:'j_idt139:1:j_idt145',target:'j_idt139:1:toolsBtn',dynamic:true});});

Influences:

Receptor: NPY5-R ui-buttonPrimeFaces.cw('CommandButton','widget_j_idt139_2_toolsBtn',{id:'j_idt139:2:toolsBtn'}); $(function(){PrimeFaces.cw('OverlayPanel','widget_j_idt139_2_j_idt145',{id:'j_idt139:2:j_idt145',target:'j_idt139:2:toolsBtn',dynamic:true});});

Induced phenotype:

Influences:

Receptor: sst2 ui-buttonPrimeFaces.cw('CommandButton','widget_j_idt139_3_toolsBtn',{id:'j_idt139:3:toolsBtn'}); $(function(){PrimeFaces.cw('OverlayPanel','widget_j_idt139_3_j_idt145',{id:'j_idt139:3:j_idt145',target:'j_idt139:3:toolsBtn',dynamic:true});});

Receptor: progesterone receptor A ui-buttonPrimeFaces.cw('CommandButton','widget_j_idt139_4_toolsBtn',{id:'j_idt139:4:toolsBtn'}); $(function(){PrimeFaces.cw('OverlayPanel','widget_j_idt139_4_j_idt145',{id:'j_idt139:4:j_idt145',target:'j_idt139:4:toolsBtn',dynamic:true});});

Influences:

Receptor: ER-beta ui-buttonPrimeFaces.cw('CommandButton','widget_j_idt139_5_toolsBtn',{id:'j_idt139:5:toolsBtn'}); $(function(){PrimeFaces.cw('OverlayPanel','widget_j_idt139_5_j_idt145',{id:'j_idt139:5:j_idt145',target:'j_idt139:5:toolsBtn',dynamic:true});});

Induced phenotype:

Influences:

Receptor: ER-alpha ui-buttonPrimeFaces.cw('CommandButton','widget_j_idt139_6_toolsBtn',{id:'j_idt139:6:toolsBtn'}); $(function(){PrimeFaces.cw('OverlayPanel','widget_j_idt139_6_j_idt145',{id:'j_idt139:6:j_idt145',target:'j_idt139:6:toolsBtn',dynamic:true});});

Induced phenotype:

Influences:

Receptor: GHS-R1 ui-buttonPrimeFaces.cw('CommandButton','widget_j_idt139_7_toolsBtn',{id:'j_idt139:7:toolsBtn'}); $(function(){PrimeFaces.cw('OverlayPanel','widget_j_idt139_7_j_idt145',{id:'j_idt139:7:j_idt145',target:'j_idt139:7:toolsBtn',dynamic:true});});

Induced phenotype:

Influences:

Receptor: PRLR ui-buttonPrimeFaces.cw('CommandButton','widget_j_idt139_8_toolsBtn',{id:'j_idt139:8:toolsBtn'}); $(function(){PrimeFaces.cw('OverlayPanel','widget_j_idt139_8_j_idt145',{id:'j_idt139:8:j_idt145',target:'j_idt139:8:toolsBtn',dynamic:true});});

Influences:

Receptor: insulin receptor ui-buttonPrimeFaces.cw('CommandButton','widget_j_idt139_9_toolsBtn',{id:'j_idt139:9:toolsBtn'}); $(function(){PrimeFaces.cw('OverlayPanel','widget_j_idt139_9_j_idt145',{id:'j_idt139:9:j_idt145',target:'j_idt139:9:toolsBtn',dynamic:true});});

Influences:

Receptor: NPY2-R ui-buttonPrimeFaces.cw('CommandButton','widget_j_idt139_10_toolsBtn',{id:'j_idt139:10:toolsBtn'}); $(function(){PrimeFaces.cw('OverlayPanel','widget_j_idt139_10_j_idt145',{id:'j_idt139:10:j_idt145',target:'j_idt139:10:toolsBtn',dynamic:true});});

Induced phenotype:

Influences:

Receptor: melanocortin-4 receptor ui-buttonPrimeFaces.cw('CommandButton','widget_j_idt139_11_toolsBtn',{id:'j_idt139:11:toolsBtn'}); $(function(){PrimeFaces.cw('OverlayPanel','widget_j_idt139_11_j_idt145',{id:'j_idt139:11:j_idt145',target:'j_idt139:11:toolsBtn',dynamic:true});});

Induced phenotype:

Receptor: melanocortin receptor 3 ui-buttonPrimeFaces.cw('CommandButton','widget_j_idt139_12_toolsBtn',{id:'j_idt139:12:toolsBtn'}); $(function(){PrimeFaces.cw('OverlayPanel','widget_j_idt139_12_j_idt145',{id:'j_idt139:12:j_idt145',target:'j_idt139:12:toolsBtn',dynamic:true});});

Induced phenotype:

Receptor: NPY1-R ui-buttonPrimeFaces.cw('CommandButton','widget_j_idt139_13_toolsBtn',{id:'j_idt139:13:toolsBtn'}); $(function(){PrimeFaces.cw('OverlayPanel','widget_j_idt139_13_j_idt145',{id:'j_idt139:13:j_idt145',target:'j_idt139:13:toolsBtn',dynamic:true});});

Induced phenotype:

Receptor: NPY6-R ui-buttonPrimeFaces.cw('CommandButton','widget_j_idt139_14_toolsBtn',{id:'j_idt139:14:toolsBtn'}); $(function(){PrimeFaces.cw('OverlayPanel','widget_j_idt139_14_j_idt145',{id:'j_idt139:14:j_idt145',target:'j_idt139:14:toolsBtn',dynamic:true});});

Induced phenotype:

Receptor: GHSR ui-buttonPrimeFaces.cw('CommandButton','widget_j_idt139_15_toolsBtn',{id:'j_idt139:15:toolsBtn'}); $(function(){PrimeFaces.cw('OverlayPanel','widget_j_idt139_15_j_idt145',{id:'j_idt139:15:j_idt145',target:'j_idt139:15:toolsBtn',dynamic:true});});

Induced phenotype:

Receptor: NPY4-R ui-buttonPrimeFaces.cw('CommandButton','widget_j_idt139_16_toolsBtn',{id:'j_idt139:16:toolsBtn'}); $(function(){PrimeFaces.cw('OverlayPanel','widget_j_idt139_16_j_idt145',{id:'j_idt139:16:j_idt145',target:'j_idt139:16:toolsBtn',dynamic:true});});

Induced phenotype:

Hormone: GHRH

Hormone: GnRH-I

Hormone: AGRP

Hormone: alpha-MSH

Hormone: galanin

Hormone: NPY

Hormone: dopamine

Hormone: metastin

Hormone: galanin-like peptide Isoform 1

Hormone: insulin

Hormone: POMC

Hormone: APOE

Hormone: dynorphin A

Receptor: leptin receptor

Receptor: unspecified testosterone receptor 1

Receptor: NPY5-R

Receptor: sst2

Receptor: progesterone receptor A

Receptor: ER-beta

Receptor: ER-alpha

Receptor: GHS-R1

Receptor: PRLR

Receptor: insulin receptor

Receptor: NPY2-R

Receptor: melanocortin-4 receptor

Receptor: melanocortin receptor 3

Receptor: NPY1-R

Receptor: NPY6-R

Receptor: GHSR

Receptor: NPY4-R