Details for messenger / hormone: sphingosine 1-phosphate

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EndoNet ID: ENH01131

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Synonyms

sphingosine 1-phosphate
S1P

General information

S1P is a bioactive lysophospholipid that elicits diverse physiological effect on most types of cells and tissues.
This sphingolipid metabolite has both cell intrinsic and extrinsic activity, affecting cell homeostasis and function. [1]
Function: potent vasoconstrictor of cerebral arteries. [2]
S1P can act as morphogenetic factor in skeletal muscle cells. [3]
Growing evidence indicates that S1P signaling is involved in muscle regeneration and myogenic differentiation of muscle cells. [4]

Classification

Hormone function

CNS function
- learning / memory
- pain
- mood / behaviour
- circadian rhythm / sleep
- stress response
- motor activity
- neurotransmitter
homeostasis
- tissue homeostasis
- pulmonary control
- hormone precursor
- cardiovascular control
- ion flow control
- further hormone secretion
development and growth
- cancer / metastasis
- growth stimulation
- growth inhibition
- apoptosis
- embryogenesis
- environment adaptation
immune response
- activation
- inhibition
metabolism
- cell metabolism
- nutrient supply
reproduction and sexual differentiation
- sexual differentiation
- reproduction

Chemical classification

hormone
- genome-encoded
  - insulin-like growth factor binding protein related
  - IGFBP family
  - somatostatin family
  - galanin-family
  - parathyroid hormone family
  - kisspeptin family
  - GnRH family
  - peptidase S1 family
  - collagen-like domain
  - Alpha-2-macroglobulin family
  - resistin/FIZZ family
  - serpin family
  - frizzled family
  - TRH family
  - CCN family
  - antimicrobial peptides
    - alpha-defensin family
    - beta-defensin family
  - immunoglobulin superfamily
  - POMC family
  - corticotrophin-releasing factor family
  - natriuretic peptides
  - apelins
  - calcitonin family
  - Wnt family
  - peptide neurotransmitters
    - neurotensins
    - tachykinins
    - endothelins
    - neuropeptide B/W family
    - FaRP family
    - opioid neuropeptides
    - NPY family
  - chemotaxins
  - kinins
  - polyglutamine proteins
  - vasopressin/oxytocin family
  - insulin family
  - lipocalins/fatty acid-binding proteins
  - chromogranin/secretogranin family
  - thymosin beta family
  - cytokines
    - FAM3 family
    - granulin family
    - IL-1 family
    - osteopontin family
    - Leptin family
    - neuregulin-family
    - IL-10 family
    - heparin-binding growth factors
    - PDGF/VEGF growth factor family
    - IL-17 family
    - TNF family
    - EGF family
    - interferons
    - IL-6-type cytokines
    - TGF-beta family
    - chemokines
      - C chemokines
      - CXC chemokines
      - CC chemokines
  - gastrointestinal hormones
    - preprogastrin-derived peptides
      - non-classical gastrins
      - classical gastrins
    - incretins
  - apoproteins
  - small-molecule neurotransmitters
  - glucagon family
  - glycoprotein hormones family
    - stanniocalcin family
    - gonadotropic hormones
  - renin-angiotensin system
  - growth hormones
  - endothelin/sarafotoxin family
  - ephrin family
  - fetuin family
  - cystatin family
  - AVIT (prokineticin) family
  - SAA family
- not genome-encoded
  - phospholipid derivatives
  - sterol lipids
    - steroids
      - progestins
      - estrogens
      - androgens
      - mineralcorticoids
      - glucocorticoids
    - secosteroids
  - eicosanoids/fatty acid derivatives
    - hydroxy/hydroperoxyeicosatetraenoic acids
    - hydroxy/hydroperoxyeicosapentaenoic acids
    - isoprostanes
    - levuglandins
    - hepoxilins
    - lipoxins
    - leukotrienes
    - prostanoids
      - prostacyclins
      - prostaglandins
      - thromboxanes
  - amino acids
    - aspartic acids
    - glutamate-derived
    - tryptophan-derived
    - tyrosine-derived
      - catecholamines
      - thyroid hormones

Links to other resources

Anatomical structure: lymph_node
- In the lymph, S1P levels are in the hundred-nanomolar range. [5]
Anatomical structure: blood
- In the blood, S1P levels are in the low-micromolar range and are mainly contributed by erythrocytes. [6]
Anatomical structure: red_blood_cell
Anatomical structure: continuous_vascular_endothelial_cell_of_blood_vessels_and_lymphatics
- Endothelial cells that are subjected in vitro to laminar shear stress, which is a physiological stimulus, have increased production and secretion of S1P. [7]
Anatomical structure: platelet
- Platelets can secrete S1P when activated by thrombin or IgE-bound antigen, respectively. [7]
Anatomical structure: mast_cell
- Mast cells can secrete S1P when activated by thrombin or IgE-bound antigen, respectively. [8]

Targets

Cell	G-protein coupled receptor 12	Sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor 1	Sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor 2	Sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor 3	Sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor 4	Sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor 5
adipose tissue		Present	Present Phenotypes promotion of mesenchymal cell differentiation
adrenal gland			Present Influences ↑ aldosterone
aorta						Present Phenotypes positive regulation of angiogenesis
appendix					Present
B-lymphocyte		Present Phenotypes regulation of leukocyte migration		Present
bone marrow					Present
brain	Present Phenotypes positive regulation of neuron differentiation	Present Phenotypes positive regulation of neurogenesis	Present Phenotypes neuron projection morphogenesis	Present		Present Phenotypes proliferation of radial glia cells astrocyte development
continuous vascular endothelial cell of blood vessels and lymphatics		Present Phenotypes cell-cell junction organization vasculogenesis positive regulation of endothelial cell migration regulation of endothelial cell differentiation
corpus callosum						Present
dendritic cell in lymphoid tissues		Present Phenotypes dendritic cell chemotaxis	Present	Present Phenotypes dendritic cell chemotaxis positive regulation of endocytosis positive regulation of interleukin-1 beta production	Present Phenotypes regulation of T cell differentiation regulation of leukocyte migration dendritic cell chemotaxis	Present Phenotypes dendritic cell chemotaxis
eosinophil granulocyte		Present	Present	Present
epithelial cell		Present
fibroblast		Present
heart		Present	Present Phenotypes heart development	Present
immune system		Present Phenotypes positive regulation of chemotaxis negative regulation of chemotaxis regulation of leukocyte migration regulation of leukocyte migration	Present	Present	Present	Present
keratinocyte		Present	Present	Present	Present	Present
kidney		Present	Present	Present
killer cell						Present Phenotypes positive regulation of leukocyte migration
killer T cell		Present Phenotypes positive regulation of chemotaxis	Present Phenotypes positive regulation of chemotaxis		Present Phenotypes positive regulation of chemotaxis
leukocyte		Present
liver	Present	Present Phenotypes hepatic stellate cell migration	Present	Present Phenotypes hepatic stellate cell migration	Present
lung		Present Influences ↑ interleukin 6	Present	Present Phenotypes adherens junction assembly	Present	Present
lymph node					Present
lymphocyte		Present Phenotypes regulation of lymphocyte proliferation regulation of leukocyte migration			Present Phenotypes regulation of leukocyte migration	Present Phenotypes LGL leukemia
macrophage		Present Phenotypes negative regulation of cytokine production	Present Phenotypes negative regulation of cytokine production
mast cell		Present Phenotypes positive regulation of mast cell chemotaxis	Present Phenotypes negative regulation of mast cell degranulation
melanocyte		Present
neuron			Present Phenotypes regulation of membrane potential negative regulation of neuron projection development
oligodendrocyte						Present Phenotypes regulation of myelination
osteoblast		Present	Present Phenotypes positive regulation of osteoblast proliferation			Present
pancreas				Present
peripheral blood leukocytes					Present	Present
placenta				Present		Present
skeleton muscle		Present		Present
skin						Present
small intestine			Present
smooth muscle cell		Present Phenotypes positive regulation of smooth muscle cell migration heart development positive regulation of angiogenesis regulation of inflammatory response	Present Phenotypes positive regulation of cell proliferation	Present Phenotypes vasoconstriction regulation of inflammatory response
spleen		Present	Present	Present	Present	Present
stomach			Present
T-lymphocyte		Present Phenotypes cell maturation negative regulation of interferon-gamma production positive regulation of interleukin-4 production regulation of T cell proliferation T cell differentiation during immune response positive regulation of leukocyte migration regulation of leukocyte migration	Present Phenotypes negative regulation of T cell apoptosis	Present Phenotypes negative regulation of T cell apoptosis	Present Phenotypes negative regulation of interferon-gamma and interleukin-4 production positive regulation of interleukin-10 production positive regulation of leukocyte migration
testis	Present			Present Phenotypes reproduction
thymus		Present	Present Phenotypes positive regulation of chemotaxis	Present	Present
thyroid gland			Present Phenotypes regulation of cellular calcium homeostasis
umbilical vein endothelial cells		Present Phenotypes venous endothelial cell differentiation
vascularendothelial cell		Present Phenotypes regulation of cardiovascular system positive regulation of blood vessel endothelial cell migration positive regulation of endothelial cell proliferation positive regulation of angiogenesis adherens junction assembly		Present Phenotypes positive regulation of endothelial cell proliferation positive regulation of blood vessel endothelial cell migration adherens junction assembly
white matter						Present Phenotypes regulation of oligodendrocyte differentiation

Reference

EndoNet

The information resource about the endocrine network in human.